Hanukkah latkes -- the ones that are shallow-fried in oil -- are generally fritter-like. Passover latkes are not particularly fritter-like. "Pancake" is a pretty close translation for "latke".
There are plenty of others. That's just the most common other one that was called a latke rather than a pancake when I was growing up. I can make them for you sometime. Or the cheese latkes.
It hadn't come up? The recipe I have (is mostly illegible and) involves eggs, cottage cheese, yogurt, sugar/salt/cinnamon, and enough flour to barely make it hold together, mixed in a blender and cooked in a buttered pan. I've been vaguely meaning to tune it to be a little easier to handle, and to see if non-blender mixing would be acceptable or if the cottage cheese would be too lumpy.
I don't think I've tried cooking them in a cast iron pan. My default frying pan is a steel pan with a copper-coated bottom. Just a little butter, like for regular pancakes. Maybe more would work better? I haven't made them very often because they're more fuss than regular pancakes and use an ingredient I don't stock by default.
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A wand blender seems like the right tool for this job.
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